2004 TWLS Excess Whiteness

Details: By Vernellia Randall; Parent Category: The Whitest Law Schools; Category: 2004 The Whitest Law Schools; 04 June 2019; Hits: 6277

Article Index

Page 4 of 4

Whitest Public Law Schools (LSAC Applications)

Rank	School	State	Excess Whiteness
1	Texas Tech University	TX	26.2%
2	University of Baltimore	MD	25.5%
3	University of Maryland	MD	23.2%
4	University of California (Los Angeles)	CA	23.2%
5	Southern Illinois University-Carbondale	IL	22.6%
6	Georgia State University	GA	22.2%
7	Golden Gate University	CA	22.1%
8	University of Georgia	GA	21.9%
9	University of Houston	TX	21.4%
10	University at Buffalo	NY	21.1%
10	University of Mississippi	MS	21.1%

Discussion

Public law schools are supported by the taxes of the citizens of their state. They have a responsibility to serve all the citizens.

This listing ranks the public law schools on whether they are serving white citizens better than the rest of their state population.

Specifically, excess whiteness in law school was calculated using two different base populations.

First, using the population of the state 21-39 years old. Second, using the law school applications as a basis.

This page report is based on LSAC Applications from the state. Specifically, excess whiteness was calculated by taking the based LSAC state applications and calculated % of the applications that were from white applicants and subtracting the "%whiteness in the law school" from it.

LSAC State Applications does not represent the application pool to a particular institution but the number of applicants in the general pool who listed the state as their home. The actual applicant pool to a particular state could be significant different. (note added: 04/16/04)

The greater the disparity the higher the rank. Ranking is based on excess whiteness not actual percentage of white students. That is the disparity between the percentage of whites in the law school from the percentage of whites in the LSAC state applications.

So, for example, Texas Tech has 85.7% white students. In 2002 there was 6797 LSAC applications from the state of Texas. Of those applications, 4043 or 59.5% were from white applicants . Consequently, the disparity (excess whiteness) between whiteness in the student body and n the state application pool is 26.2 percentage points. That is, based on the LSAC applications from the state, only 5i9.5% of Texas Tech Student body should be white.

While there are a number of reasons why the disparity exist, where the difference is significant, a state has to be concern about whether its public institutions are preparing a group of lawyers to match the racial diversity of its population.

Descriptive Statistics (Historically White Law Schools):

For the seventy-four public law schools, the average excess whiteness based on LSAC State Applications is 9.86 percentage points; half of the schools have excess whiteness below 9.55 percentage points. In fact, 9 (12.2%) have no excess whiteness and another 15 (20.3%) have less than 5.00 percentage points excess whiteness. For example, if a LSAC State Applications was 50% white, the average law school would have whiteness 59.86 % (9.86 Excess Whiteness Percentage Points)

	On the other hand 24 (31.4%) have significant excess whiteness with excesses over 15.00 percentage points. (See Table) For 12 schools, the disparity between the whiteness of the applications from the state and the whiteness of the law school is over 20 percentage points.
	No schools had Excess whiteness percentage points over 30.0.

Based on percentage of whites in the law school, some schools in the Top Ten have remarkably low percentage of whites in the student body. For instance, the Golden Gate has 70.2% whiteness and the University of California (Los Angeles) has 71.3% whiteness. However, when compared to the percentage of whites in LSAC State applications in their respective states, these schools still have a unusually high percentage of whiteness in the law school. Only 48.1% of the LSAC applications from California were from white applicants.

There are a number of factors that can affect why such disparities exist , i.e. interest in law school, preparedness for law school, etc., however as state schools such large disparities may also represent a failure of the law school to adequately serve the needs of the state by assuring access to legal education to all citizens of their state.

Descriptive Statistics (Top Ten):

The Top Ten Whitest Public Law School based on LSAC Application all have excess whiteness of 20 percentage points or more. For example, if a LSAC State Applications was 50% white, the law school would have whiteness over 70% (20 percentage points excess whiteness)

Half The Top Ten Whitest Public Law School have excesses over 22.4 percentage points and the average is 22.8 percentage points ; the minimum is 21.10 and the maximum is 26.20.

States:

With the attack on affirmative action it is probably of no surprise that Texas with Hopwood has two schools on the Top Ten Whitest Public Law School list and California with Proposition 209 has two schools.

However, the disparities is striking and one wonders if the difference can all be accounted for by demise of affirmative action.

Regions:

The regions are based on Law school admission council (LSAC) designation. They include: Northeast, New England, South Central, South East, MidSouth, Midwest, Great Lakes, Mountain West, Northwest, and Far West.

Midsouth has the lowest minimum excess percentage points (-17.20); South Central has the highest (26.20); Southeast has the highest mean (19.31) and Midwest has the lowest mean (2.27); Southcentral also has the highest median (20.60) and Mountain West has the lowest median (3.56).

Five (5) of The Top Ten Whitest Public Law School are from the south.

Only two public law schools have disparities in percentage points greater than 25.

None of the schools in the southeast have excess whiteness below 15.00 points; all of the schools in New England have excess whiteness points below 15.00 points; Six regions have some schools with no excess whiteness.

Of the 8 schools with no excess whiteness, 77.7% are in the Midwest/Great Lakes/Mountain West region

The difference among region is statistically significant (p=.03). That is, there is less than 3% probability that the difference occurred by chance alone. Given that the highest medians occurred in three regions (South central, Southeast and Far west) provides some indication that attacks on affirmative action is making the legal profession more white.

Tier :

Tier designation is based on the 2003-2004 US News & World Report rankings.

3 of the Top Ten Whitest Public Law Schools are 1st tier schools and 4 are 2nd tier

68.9% (51) of Historically White Public Law School are 1st tier or 2nd tier schools. In fact, only 9.5% (7) are 4th tier law schools.

The 1st tier has the lowest minimum excess whiteness percentage points (-5.20); the 4th tier has the highest maximum excess whiteness percentage points (26.20); the 3rd tier has the lowest mean (7.14) and the 4th tier has the highest mean (12.09); the 4th tier has the lowest median (6.90) and the 1st tier has the highest median (12.00)

The 4th tier law schools is the only tier to have schools with excess white percentage points over 25.00.

The difference among tiers is not statistically significant.

Top Ten Whitest Public Law Schools (LSAC State Applications)

Historically White Public Law Schools (n=74)

Descriptive Statistics for Top Ten Public Law Schools Based on LSAC Applications from State
N	10
Mean	22.8400
Median	22.4000
Minimum	21.10
Maximum	26.20

Descriptive Statistics for Public Law Schools Based on State LSAC Applications
N	74
Mean	9.8568
Median	9.5500
Minimum	-17.20
Maximum	26.20

Excess Whiteness Grouping of Top Ten Whitest Public Law Schools Based on State LSAC Applications
	Frequency	Percent
15.00 to 24.99	8	80.0
25.00 to 39.99	2	20.0
Total	10	100

Excess Whiteness Grouping of Public Law Schools Based on State LSAC Applications
	Frequency	Percent
No excess	9	12.2
.01 to 4.99	15	20.3
5.00 to 14.99	26	35.1
15.00 to 24.99	22	29.7
25.00 to 39.99	2	2.7

Tier of Top Ten Whitest Public Law Schools Based on State LSAC Applications
	Frequency	Percent
1st Tier (USNews)	3	30.0
2nd Tier (USNews)	4	40.0
3rd Tier (USNews)	1	10.0
4th Tier (USNews)	2	20.0

Tier of Whitest Public Law Schools Based on State LSAC Applications
	Frequency	Percent
1st Tier (USNews)	25	33.8
2nd Tier (USNews)	26	35.1
3rd Tier (USNews)	14	18.9
4th Tier (USNews)	7	9.5
No US News Ranking	2	2.7

Tier	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Median	N
1st Tier (USNews)	-5.20	23.20	10.6760	12.0000	25
2nd Tier (USNews)	-3.60	22.20	10.8308	10.5000	26
3rd Tier (USNews)	-2.70	22.60	7.1357	6.9000	14
4th Tier (USNews)	-2.30	26.20	12.0857	9.1000	7
No US News Ranking	-17.20	13.60	-1.8000	-1.8000	2
Total	-17.20	26.20	9.8568	9.5500	7

Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
451.640	4	112.910	1.499	.212

Excess Whiteness by Tier Public Law Schools Based on State LSAC Populations (Percentage in rows read across)

No excess

.01 to 4.99

5.00 to 14.99

15.00 to 24.99

25.00 to 39.99

1st Tier (USNews)

16.0%

24.0%

12.0%

48.0%

2nd Tier (USNews)

3.8%

23.1%

38.5%

34.6%

3rd Tier (USNews)

14.3%

21.4%

57.1%

7.1%

4th Tier (USNews)

14.3%

57.1%

28.6%

No US News Ranking

50.0%

12.2%

20.3%

35.1%

29.7%

2.7%

	Value	Asymp. Std. Error	Approx. T	Approx. Sig.
Spearman Correlation	-.093	.129	-.793	.431

Excess Whiteness by Tier Public Law Schools Based on State LSAC Populations (Percentage in columns read down)
	No excess	.01 to 4.99	5.00 to 14.99	15.00 to 24.99	25.00 to 39.99
1st Tier (USNews)	44.4%	40.0%	11.5%	54.5%
2nd Tier (USNews)	11.1%	40.0%	38.5%	40.9%
3rd Tier (US Nres)	22.2%	20.0%	30.8%	4.5%
4th Tier (US News)	11.1%		15.4%		100.0%
No US News Ranking	11.1%		3.8%

Symmetric Measures

	Value	Asymp. Std. Error	Approx. T	Approx. Sig.
Spearman Correlation	-.137	.114	-1.173	.245

Region of Top Ten Whitest Public Law Schools Based on State LSAC Applications
	Frequency	Percent
Northeast	1	10.0
Southcentral	2	20.0
Southeast	3	30.0
Midsouth	2	20.0
Great Lakes	1	10.0
Far West	1	10.0
Total	10	100.0

Regions where Whitest Public Law Schools are Located
	Frequency	Percent
Northeast	7	9.5
New England	2	2.7
Southcentral	7	9.5
Southeast	7	9.5
Midsouth	13	17.6
Midwest	8	10.8
Great Lakes	14	18.9
Mountain West	8	10.8
Northwest	2	2.7
Far West	6	8.1

Region	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Median	N
Northeast	-2.30	21.10	9.0000	10.8000	7
New England	7.50	12.00	9.7500	9.7500	2
Southcentral	.90	26.20	15.8429	19.6000	7
Southeast	15.80	22.20	19.3143	20.6000	7
Midsouth	-17.20	25.50	10.9385	12.5000	13
Midwest	-3.90	10.70	2.2750	.8500	8
Great Lakes	-5.20	22.60	7.0571	6.7000	14
Mountain West	-3.60	10.30	3.7625	3.7000	8
Northwest	4.20	9.40	6.8000	6.8000	2
Far West	7.30	23.20	16.3167	17.3500	6
Total	-17.20	26.20	9.8568	9.5500	74

Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
2033.104	9	225.900	3.999	.000

Excess Whiteness by Region Public Law Schools Based on State LSAC Populations (Percentage in rows read across)

No excess

.01 to 4.99

5.00 to 14.99

15.00 to 24.99

25.00 to 39.99

Total %

Northeast

14.3%

28.6%

100%

New England

100.0%

100%

Southcentral

14.3%

57.1%

14.3%

100%

Southeast

100.0%

100%

Midsouth

7.7%

46.2%

30.8%

7.7%

100%

Midwest

37.5%

25.0%

100%

Great Lakes

14.3%

28.6%

50.0%

7.1%

100%

Mountain West

25.0%

37.5%

100%

Northwest

50.0%

100%

Far West

33.3%

66.7%

100%

Total

12.2%

20.3%

35.1%

29.7%

2.7%

100%

Symmetric Measures

	Value	Asymp. Std. Error	Approx. T	Approx. Sig.
Spearman Correlation	-.253	.116	-2.219	.030

Excess Whiteness by Region Public Law Schools Based on State LSAC Populations (Percentage in columns read down)
	No excess	.01 to 4.99	5.00 to 14.99	15.00 to 24.99	25.00 to 39.99
Northeast	11.1%	13.3%	7.7%	9.1%
New England			7.7%
Southcentral		6.7%	3.8%	18.2%	50.0%
Southeast				31.8%
Midsouth	11.1%	6.7%	23.1%	18.2%	50.0%
Midwest	33.3%	20.0%	7.7%
Great Lakes	22.2%	26.7%	26.9%	4.5%
Mountain West	22.2%	20.0%	11.5%
Northwest		6.7%	3.8%
Far West				18.2%
	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%

Value	Asymp. Std. Error	Approx. T	Approx. Sig.
-.253	.116	-2.219	.030

State of Top Ten Whitest Public Law Schools Based on State LSAC Applications
	Frequency	Percent
CA	1	10.0
GA	2	20.0
IL	1	10.0
MD	2	20.0
MS	1	10.0
NY	1	10.0
TX	2	20.0
Total	10	100.0

Excess Whiteness in Public Law Schools Based on State LSAC Populations (Ranking)

Rank	School	State	%Whiteness in Law School	%Whiteness in State LSAC Applications	Excess Whiteness
1	Texas Tech University	TX	85.7	59.5	26.2
2	University of Baltimore	MD	79.3	53.8	25.5
3	University of Maryland	MD	77	53.8	23.2
4	University of California (Los Angeles)	CA	71.3	48.1	23.2
5	Southern Illinois University-Carbondale	IL	91.2	68.6	22.6
6	Georgia State University	GA	84.5	62.3	22.2
7	Golden Gate University	CA	70.2	48.1	22.1
8	University of Georgia	GA	84.2	62.3	21.9
9	University of Houston	TX	80.9	59.5	21.4
10	University at Buffalo	NY	82.9	61.8	21.1
10	University of Mississippi	MS	90.4	69.3	21.1
12	Florida State University	FL	77.7	57.1	20.6
13	University of Texas (Austin)	TX	79.1	59.5	19.6
14	University of California (Hastings)	CA	67.2	48.1	19.1
15	Rutgers State University–Camden	NJ	81.5	62.5	19
16	George Mason University	VA	85.3	67.2	18.1
17	University of California (Davis)	CA	65.7	48.1	17.6
18	University of South Carolina	SC	93	75.7	17.3
19	University of California (Berkeley)	CA	65.2	48.1	17.1
20	University of Oklahoma	OK	86.6	69.9	16.7
21	University of Florida (Levin)	FL	73.4	57.1	16.3
22	University of Virginia	VA	83.4	67.2	16.2
23	William and Mary Law School	VA	83.1	67.2	15.9
24	University of Alabama	AL	91.1	75.3	15.8
25	Wayne State University	MI	83.7	69.4	14.3
26	University of Nevada	NV	80.2	66.6	13.6
27	University of Toledo	OH	92.3	78.9	13.4
28	University of Memphis	TN	86.5	73.2	13.3
29	University of Tennessee (Knoxville)	TN	85.7	73.2	12.5
30	University of Connecticut	CT	85.1	73.1	12
31	University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill	NC	80.3	68.5	11.8
32	University of Akron	OH	90.4	78.9	11.5
33	University of Pittsburgh	PA	89.9	78.6	11.3
34	University of Missouri (Columbia)	MO	89.6	78.9	10.7
35	University of New Mexico	NM	65.2	54.9	10.3
36	University of Missouri (Kansas City)	MO	88.6	78.9	9.7
37	University of Oregon	OR	86.4	77	9.4
38	University of Idaho	ID	93.7	84.5	9.2
39	Cleveland State University (Marshall)	OH	88	78.9	9.1
40	Northern Illinois University	IL	77.4	68.6	8.8
41	University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)	MI	77.8	69.4	8.4
42	Northern Kentucky University (Chase)	KY	92.9	85.3	7.6
43	University of Maine	ME	95.3	87.8	7.5
44	University of Kentucky	KY	92.7	85.3	7.4
45	University of Hawaii	HI	29.2	21.9	7.3
46	University of Arkansas (Little Rock) (Bowen)	AR	87.3	81	6.3
47	University of Louisville (Brandeis)	KY	91.4	85.3	6.1
48	University of Montana	MT	95.6	90.4	5.2
49	Indiana University–Indianapolis	IN	83.4	78.4	5
50	University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign)	IL	73.1	68.6	4.5
51	University of Nebraska–Lincoln	NE	91.6	87.2	4.4
51	University of Utah (S.J. Quinney)	UT	89.6	85.2	4.4
53	University of Washington	WA	75.4	71.2	4.2
54	Indiana University–Bloomington	IN	82	78.4	3.6
55	University of Colorado (Boulder)	CO	81.8	78.8	3
56	Temple University (Beasley)	PA	81.4	78.6	2.8
57	University of Cincinnati	OH	81.6	78.9	2.7
58	Ohio State University (Moritz)	OH	81	78.9	2.1
59	West Virginia University	WV	91	89.2	1.8
60	University of Chicago	IL	70.2	68.6	1.6
60	University of Wyoming	WY	91.7	90.1	1.6
62	Washburn University	KS	85.8	84.7	1.1
63	University of Arkansas (Fayetteville )	AR	81.9	81	0.9
64	University of Kansas	KS	85.3	84.7	0.6
65	Rutgers State University–Newark	NJ	62.8	62.5	0.3
66	University of Arizona (Rogers)	AZ	72.9	72.9	0
67	University of South Dakota	SD	88.4	90.1	-1.7
68	University of Minnesota (Twin Cities)	MN	81.2	83.2	-2
69	CUNY-Queens College	NY	59.5	61.8	-2.3
70	University of North Dakota	ND	87.2	89.9	-2.7
71	Arizona State University	AZ	69.3	72.9	-3.6
72	University of Iowa	IA	83.3	87.2	-3.9
73	University of Wisconsin (Madison)	WI	75.6	80.8	-5.2
74	University of District of Columbia	DC	38.5	55.7	-17.2

Excess Whiteness in Public Law Schools (N=74) Based on State LSAC Populations (Alphabetical Listing)

Rank	School	State	%Whiteness in Law School	%Whiteness in LSAC Applications	Excess Whiteness
71	Arizona State University	AZ	69.3	72.9	-3.6
39	Cleveland State University (Marshall)	OH	88	78.9	9.1
69	CUNY-Queens College	NY	59.5	61.8	-2.3
12	Florida State University	FL	77.7	57.1	20.6
16	George Mason University	VA	85.3	67.2	18.1
6	Georgia State University	GA	84.5	62.3	22.2
7	Golden Gate University	CA	70.2	48.1	22.1
54	Indiana University–Bloomington	IN	82	78.4	3.6
49	Indiana University–Indianapolis	IN	83.4	78.4	5
40	Northern Illinois University	IL	77.4	68.6	8.8
42	Northern Kentucky University (Chase)	KY	92.9	85.3	7.6
58	Ohio State University (Moritz)	OH	81	78.9	2.1
15	Rutgers State University–Camden	NJ	81.5	62.5	19
65	Rutgers State University–Newark	NJ	62.8	62.5	0.3
5	Southern Illinois University-Carbondale	IL	91.2	68.6	22.6
56	Temple University (Beasley)	PA	81.4	78.6	2.8
1	Texas Tech University	TX	85.7	59.5	26.2
10	University at Buffalo	NY	82.9	61.8	21.1
32	University of Akron	OH	90.4	78.9	11.5
24	University of Alabama	AL	91.1	75.3	15.8
66	University of Arizona (Rogers)	AZ	72.9	72.9	0
63	University of Arkansas (Fayetteville )	AR	81.9	81	0.9
46	University of Arkansas (Little Rock) (Bowen)	AR	87.3	81	6.3
2	University of Baltimore	MD	79.3	53.8	25.5
19	University of California (Berkeley)	CA	65.2	48.1	17.1
17	University of California (Davis)	CA	65.7	48.1	17.6
14	University of California (Hastings)	CA	67.2	48.1	19.1
4	University of California (Los Angeles)	CA	71.3	48.1	23.2
60	University of Chicago	IL	70.2	68.6	1.6
57	University of Cincinnati	OH	81.6	78.9	2.7
55	University of Colorado (Boulder)	CO	81.8	78.8	3
30	University of Connecticut	CT	85.1	73.1	12
74	University of District of Columbia	DC	38.5	55.7	-17.2
21	University of Florida (Levin)	FL	73.4	57.1	16.3
8	University of Georgia	GA	84.2	62.3	21.9
45	University of Hawaii	HI	29.2	21.9	7.3
9	University of Houston	TX	80.9	59.5	21.4
38	University of Idaho	ID	93.7	84.5	9.2
50	University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign)	IL	73.1	68.6	4.5
72	University of Iowa	IA	83.3	87.2	-3.9
64	University of Kansas	KS	85.3	84.7	0.6
44	University of Kentucky	KY	92.7	85.3	7.4
47	University of Louisville (Brandeis)	KY	91.4	85.3	6.1
43	University of Maine	ME	95.3	87.8	7.5
3	University of Maryland	MD	77	53.8	23.2
28	University of Memphis	TN	86.5	73.2	13.3
41	University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)	MI	77.8	69.4	8.4
68	University of Minnesota (Twin Cities)	MN	81.2	83.2	-2
10	University of Mississippi	MS	90.4	69.3	21.1
34	University of Missouri (Columbia)	MO	89.6	78.9	10.7
36	University of Missouri (Kansas City)	MO	88.6	78.9	9.7
48	University of Montana	MT	95.6	90.4	5.2
51	University of Nebraska–Lincoln	NE	91.6	87.2	4.4
26	University of Nevada	NV	80.2	66.6	13.6
35	University of New Mexico	NM	65.2	54.9	10.3
31	University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill	NC	80.3	68.5	11.8
70	University of North Dakota	ND	87.2	89.9	-2.7
20	University of Oklahoma	OK	86.6	69.9	16.7
37	University of Oregon	OR	86.4	77	9.4
33	University of Pittsburgh	PA	89.9	78.6	11.3
18	University of South Carolina	SC	93	75.7	17.3
67	University of South Dakota	SD	88.4	90.1	-1.7
29	University of Tennessee (Knoxville)	TN	85.7	73.2	12.5
13	University of Texas (Austin)	TX	79.1	59.5	19.6
27	University of Toledo	OH	92.3	78.9	13.4
51	University of Utah (S.J. Quinney)	UT	89.6	85.2	4.4
22	University of Virginia	VA	83.4	67.2	16.2
53	University of Washington	WA	75.4	71.2	4.2
73	University of Wisconsin (Madison)	WI	75.6	80.8	-5.2
60	University of Wyoming	WY	91.7	90.1	1.6
62	Washburn University	KS	85.8	84.7	1.1
25	Wayne State University	MI	83.7	69.4	14.3
59	West Virginia University	WV	91	89.2	1.8
23	William and Mary Law School	VA	83.1	67.2	15.9

Percent of Whiteness in LSAC Applications (2002) (Alphabetical Listing)

Rank	State	Total	White	%Whiteness
26	ALABAMA	892	672	75.3
28	ALASKA	120	89	74.2
31	ARIZONA	1384	1009	72.9
17	ARKANSAS	643	521	81.0
51	CALIFORNIA	11925	5733	48.1
50	CANADIAN PROVINCES	737	388	52.6
21	COLORADO	1510	1190	78.8
30	CONNECTICUT	1461	1068	73.1
41	DELAWARE	283	187	66.1
47	DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA	969	540	55.7
46	FLORIDA	5170	2953	57.1
43	GEORGIA	2788	1738	62.3
54	GUAM	19	3	15.8
53	HAWAII	329	72	21.9
14	IDAHO	284	240	84.5
36	ILLINOIS	4571	3137	68.6
23	INDIANA	1706	1337	78.4
8	IOWA	794	692	87.2
13	KANSAS	756	640	84.7
11	KENTUCKY	1065	908	85.3
40	LOUISIANA	1610	1070	66.5
6	MAINE	295	259	87.8
49	MARYLAND	2440	1313	53.8
27	MASSACHUSETTS	2949	2200	74.6
34	MICHIGAN	2844	1973	69.4
15	MINNESOTA	1435	1194	83.2
35	MISSISSIPPI	701	486	69.3
19	MISSOURI	1566	1236	78.9
1	MONTANA	250	226	90.4
7	NEBRASKA	485	423	87.2
39	NEVADA	548	365	66.6
9	NEW HAMPSHIRE	297	254	85.5
42	NEW JERSEY	3758	2348	62.5
48	NEW MEXICO	375	206	54.9
44	NEW YORK	9329	5761	61.8
37	NORTH CAROLINA	2350	1609	68.5
4	NORTH DAKOTA	169	152	89.9
19	OHIO	3539	2792	78.9
33	OKLAHOMA	847	592	69.9
24	OREGON	839	646	77.0
52	OTHER TERRITORIES	30	7	23.3
22	PENNSYLVANIA	3789	2977	78.6
57	PUERTO RICO	1287	17	1.3
16	RHODE ISLAND	292	242	82.9
25	SOUTH CAROLINA	1051	796	75.7
2	SOUTH DAKOTA	182	164	90.1
56	STATE NOT INDICATED	1899	93	4.9
29	TENNESSEE	1369	1002	73.2
45	TEXAS	6797	4043	59.5
12	UTAH	1131	964	85.2
10	VERMONT	144	123	85.4
55	VIRGIN ISLANDS	17	2	11.8
38	VIRGINIA	3387	2276	67.2
32	WASHINGTON	1936	1379	71.2
5	WEST VIRGINIA	453	404	89.2
18	WISCONSIN	1556	1258	80.
2	WYOMING	152	137	90.1

Percent of Whiteness in LSAC Applications (2002) (Ranking)

Rank	State	Total	White	%Whiteness
1	MONTANA	250	226	90.4
2	SOUTH DAKOTA	182	164	90.1
2	WYOMING	152	137	90.1
4	NORTH DAKOTA	169	152	89.9
5	WEST VIRGINIA	453	404	89.2
6	MAINE	295	259	87.8
7	NEBRASKA	485	423	87.2
8	IOWA	794	692	87.2
9	NEW HAMPSHIRE	297	254	85.5
10	VERMONT	144	123	85.4
11	KENTUCKY	1065	908	85.3
12	UTAH	1131	964	85.2
13	KANSAS	756	640	84.7
14	IDAHO	284	240	84.5
15	MINNESOTA	1435	1194	83.2
16	RHODE ISLAND	292	242	82.9
17	ARKANSAS	643	521	81.0
18	WISCONSIN	1556	1258	80.8
19	MISSOURI	1566	1236	78.9
19	OHIO	3539	2792	78.9
21	COLORADO	1510	1190	78.8
22	PENNSYLVANIA	3789	2977	78.6
23	INDIANA	1706	1337	78.4
24	OREGON	839	646	77.0
25	SOUTH CAROLINA	1051	796	75.7
26	ALABAMA	892	672	75.3
27	MASSACHUSETTS	2949	2200	74.6
28	ALASKA	120	89	74.2
29	TENNESSEE	1369	1002	73.2
30	CONNECTICUT	1461	1068	73.1
31	ARIZONA	1384	1009	72.9
32	WASHINGTON	1936	1379	71.2
33	OKLAHOMA	847	592	69.9
34	MICHIGAN	2844	1973	69.4
35	MISSISSIPPI	701	486	69.3
36	ILLINOIS	4571	3137	68.6
37	NORTH CAROLINA	2350	1609	68.5
38	VIRGINIA	3387	2276	67.2
39	NEVADA	548	365	66.6
40	LOUISIANA	1610	1070	66.5
41	DELAWARE	283	187	66.1
42	NEW JERSEY	3758	2348	62.5
43	GEORGIA	2788	1738	62.3
44	NEW YORK	9329	5761	61.8
45	TEXAS	6797	4043	59.5
46	FLORIDA	5170	2953	57.1
47	DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA	969	540	55.7
48	NEW MEXICO	375	206	54.9
49	MARYLAND	2440	1313	53.8
50	CANADIAN PROVINCES	737	388	52.6
51	CALIFORNIA	11925	5733	48.1
52	OTHER TERRITORIES	30	7	23.3
53	HAWAII	329	72	21.9
54	GUAM	19	3	15.8
55	VIRGIN ISLANDS	17	2	11.8
56	STATE NOT INDICATED	1899	93	4.9
57	PUERTO RICO	1287	17	1.3

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Race, Racism and the Law
Vernellia R. Randall
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